References

  1. Dustin M et al. Shifts in Diagnostic Testing for Headache in the Emergency Department 2015 to 2021.JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Apr; 7(4): e247373.
  2. Perry, Stiell et al., Sensitivity of computed tomography performed within six hours of onset of headache for diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2011;343:d4277
  3. Backes D et al. Time-Dependent Test Characteristics of Head Computed Tomography in Patients Suspected of Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Stroke. 2012;43:2115-2119
  4. Blok KM et al., CT within 6 hours of headache onset to rule out subarachnoid hemorrhage in nonacademic hospitals. Neurology. 2015 May 12;84(19):1927-32
  5. Perry J, Spacek A, Forbes M, et al. Is the Combination of negative computed tomography result and negative lumbar puncture result sufficient to rule out subarachnoid hemorrhage? Ann Emerg Med 2008;51:707–13
  6. Kuntz K, Kokmen E, Stevens J, et al. Post Lumbar puncture headaches: experience in 501 consecutive procedures. Neurology 1992;42:1884–7.
  7. Sayer, D et al. An Observational Study of 2,248 Patients Presenting With Headache, Suggestive of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Who Received Lumbar Punctures Following Normal Computed Tomography of the Head. Journal of Academic Emergency Medicine. 2015 Nov; 22(11):1267-73
  8. Buruma OJ, Janson HL, Den Bergh FA, Bots GT. Blood-stained cerebrospinal fluid: traumatic puncture or haemorrhage? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981;44:144–147
  9. Vermeulen M, Hasan D, Blijenberg BG, Hijdra A, van Gijn J. Xanthochromia after subarachnoid haemorrhage needs no revisitation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52:826–828
  10. McCormack RF, Hutson A. Can computed tomography angiography of the brain replace lumbar puncture in the evaluation of acute-onset headache after a negative noncontrast cranial computed tomography scan?. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 Apr;17(4):444-51
  11. Gihan Hassan Gamal. Diagnostic accuracy of contrast enhancement MRI versus CTA in diagnosis of intracranial aneurysm in patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Volume 46, Issue 1, March 2015, Pages 125–130 Yoon et al. Imaging of cerebral aneurysms: a clinical perspective. Neurovascular Imaging 20162:6
  12. Pouryahya P et al. Utility of lumbar puncture after a normal brain commuted tomography scan in patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage(SAH): A new more rational approach. EMA 2020 32,756-762.
  13. Carpenter C et al. Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis describing the diagnostic accuracy of history, physical exam, imaging, and lumbar puncture with an exploration of test thresholds. Acad Emerg Med. 2016 Sep; 23(9): 963–1003.